Nearly three years ago, the conflict in Ukraine began with traditional combat between Ukrainian and Russian forces, but it has since transformed into a sophisticated battleground featuring both human soldiers and advanced robotic warfare, particularly AI-enabled kamikaze drones. This shift, largely unobserved perhaps due to ongoing media fatigue about drone technology, has fundamentally altered the nature of warfare. **Advancements in Drone Technology** Initially, loitering kamikaze drones were regarded as groundbreaking weapons, utilizing Inertial Navigation Systems and satellite navigation to identify and engage targets. As the war progressed, both sides began utilizing inexpensive quadcopter drones for similar purposes through first-person view (FPV) controls, which provided a more cost-effective alternative but limited their operational range due to battery constraints. As the conflict advanced, the two adversaries developed drones with enhanced capabilities, incorporating artificial intelligence and machine vision. These advanced drones could operate in electronic warfare environments, identify targets autonomously, and navigate even in communications or GPS-denied settings. **Notable Developments in Drone Warfare** Ukraine recently deployed the V-BAT, an advanced AI-enabled kamikaze drone developed by Shield AI. Capable of operating autonomously over long distances (up to 500 km) and with extended loitering time (up to 10 hours), the V-BAT outclassed existing drones used by both Ukrainian and Russian forces.

It can be launched from various platforms, including ships, and is suited for operations in challenging terrains. Conversely, Russia's Ovat-S drone, which is less advanced, still utilizes AI and machine vision to engage targets effectively, even in the absence of GPS. It can function under jamming conditions, but its operational range is limited to around 8 km and it has a shorter flight duration and payload capacity compared to the V-BAT. **Cost Comparison and Future Implications** While the Ovat-S drone is relatively inexpensive to manufacture (costing between $410 to $710 USD), the exact price of the V-BAT remains undisclosed, though it is expected to be over $50, 000 USD. Contracts worth hundreds of millions highlight the V-BAT's significance for intelligence and reconnaissance roles. The operational independence of both drones signifies a notable step towards the future of AI-driven combat. As the war in Ukraine continues and human resources dwindle, the reliance on robotics in warfare is likely to increase, marking a profound shift in military engagement.