**Summary of Key Developments in Blockchain Applications:** Luo et al. introduced a novel blockchain consensus mechanism for wireless networks, enhancing energy efficiency and data throughput in blockchain networks for low-power devices. Their cognitive radio approach ensures high reliability in data transmission while preserving the decentralized nature of blockchain, making it ideal for IoT environments. Gong et al. presented a blockchain-assisted digital twin offloading scheme for space-air-ground networks (SAGNs), facilitating secure offloading of digital twin tasks. Their blockchain framework improves data management, reduces latency, and enhances resource utilization, ensuring compliant and efficient data sharing in heterogeneous environments. Yang et al. focused on using blockchain to optimize multitask learning (MTL) for car commuters. Their decentralized model securely shares user-generated data, enhancing route suggestions while ensuring data privacy, leading to improved commute efficiency and reduced travel times. In the healthcare sector, blockchain solutions provide secure management of sensitive medical information. Blockchain facilitates transaction verification while enabling efficient data sharing using smart contracts among healthcare providers.

Despite advantages, challenges like high processing costs and delayed performances hinder widespread adoption, necessitating more efficient blockchain solutions. Liu and Zhao's vehicular data sensing framework leverages blockchain to promote information freshness for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), ensuring real-time data sharing among vehicles with smart contracts to automate data validation and encourage timely information updates. The transformative potential of blockchain technology is exemplified by the implementation of Triple-Entry Accounting (TEA), providing a decentralized, secure, and transparent ledger for financial records. However, challenges like scalability, energy consumption, and regulatory uncertainty remain obstacles to fully realizing blockchain’s promise in accounting. Zheng et al. proposed a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework enhanced by blockchain for peer-to-peer energy trading. Their model uses a continuous double auction (CDA) mechanism to safeguard privacy in energy transactions while improving market dynamics and user satisfaction. The innovative use of blockchain extends beyond cryptocurrencies; research into integrating ERP systems with blockchain seeks to create tamper-proof financial data and efficient data vaults. Hybrid blockchain models combine elements of public and private systems to improve resource consumption and reliability. These models are essential in applications demanding high data integrity, such as judicial systems and healthcare data management. The BIoMT initiative aims to enhance healthcare by integrating blockchain with IoT, promoting secure and efficient patient data management while addressing issues like data security and interoperability. Liu et al. also explored a lightweight blockchain framework for resource-constrained IIoT devices, successfully advancing data storage efficiency and scalability. The role of external Proof of Retrievability (PoR) in distributed storage systems for medical data ensures secure storage in new environments like the metaverse, enhancing data integrity verification without compromising patient privacy. Several vector commitment schemes emerged to facilitate efficient data sharing in healthcare settings, ensuring that only selected information is disclosed without compromising the entirety of datasets. Together, these developments illustrate how blockchain, IoT, and cloud computing work synergistically to create decentralized, secure applications across various domains. The proposed blockchain-based judicial case management system adopts a multi-blockchain architecture, integrating actors in the legal sector through smart contracts and consensus mechanisms to streamline and secure judicial processes. This framework consists of jury, prosecution, and defense modules, ensuring transparent case management and reducing manual errors through automation. The smart contract mechanism facilitates data validation, evidence submissions, and case lifecycle automation, while maintaining legal compliance. Testing demonstrated that hybrid consensus mechanisms combining Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) significantly optimize system performance, balancing security and efficiency in high-stakes legal environments. Latency and throughput analyses reveal that this architecture outperforms traditional models, effectively handling extensive judicial data while ensuring integrity and security through advanced cryptographic protocols. In summary, the integration of blockchain technology into various fields—from wireless networks and healthcare to judicial case management—reveals a significant potential for enhancing efficiency, security, and transparency in complex systems. The continuous evolution of these applications holds promise for addressing current challenges while paving the way for future innovations.